Laser procedures

• LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis). This makes up 90% to 95% of all laser vision correction surgery. It has the broadest range of uses. LASIK permanently changes the shape of the clear covering of the front of the eye (the cornea). Sometimes a knife called a microkeratome is used to cut a hinged flap in the cornea. This flap may also be created with a special laser designed for this procedure. The flap is folded back, revealing the middle section of the cornea (the stroma). Pulses from a computer-controlled excimer laser remove a part of the stroma and the flap is replaced. IntraLase LASIK uses a laser to create the flap. This results in a thinner flap. It allows for higher prescriptions to be corrected.

• PRK (photorefractive keratectomy). This method uses a laser to remove the cornea's outer covering and reshape it. PRK gently reshapes the cornea by removing tiny amounts of tissue from the outer surface. Recovery takes longer than it does with LASIK.

• LASEK (laser epithelial keratomileusis).  This surgery combines LASIK and PRK methods. It may be used for people who can't have LASIK. The cornea's surface is loosened with an alcohol solution and moved aside before a laser reshapes the cornea. No flap is cut.

• LTK (laser thermal keratoplasty).  This is a less invasive laser procedure to correct farsightedness and astigmatism. LTK uses heat to reshape the cornea. The advantage of LTK is that it's a "no-touch" procedure. This means there's little chance of infection or loss of vision. This method is being done less often than in the past.

Is refractive surgery for you?

Health insurers rarely pay for this type of surgery, which is considered -for looks only and not medically necessary. Prices vary, from $300 to $2,400 per eye. But experts warn that cost shouldn't be your only concern.

Laser surgery may not be right for you. These are factors that show you are not a good candidate:

• You aren't a risk-taker. Some people do have complications. No long-term data are available for current procedures.

• It will affect your career. Check with your employer, military service, or professional organization, before having surgery. Some jobs ban certain refractive procedures.

• You needed a change in your contact lens or eyeglass prescription in the past year. This is called refractive instability. You are more likely to have refractive instability if you:

  • Are in your early 20s or younger

  • Have changing hormones because of a disease, such as diabetes

  • Are a woman who is pregnant or breastfeeding

  • Are taking medicines such as steroids

• You have a disease or are on medicines that may affect wound healing. Illnesses include autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, HIV, and diabetes. Medicines include retinoic acid and steroids.

• You have an eye disease, or an immediate family member has a corneal eye disease.

• You play contact sports. These are sports, such as boxing, wrestling, or martial arts. Blows to the face and eyes are common with these sports.

• You aren't an adult. No lasers are approved for children or teens younger than18.

Besides the illnesses listed above, other diseases may negatively affect the outcome of LASIK surgery:

• Herpes simplex or shingles (herpes zoster) around the eye area

• Glaucoma, ocular hypertension, or you are at risk for glaucoma

• Eye injuries or past eye surgeries

• Keratoconus, a thinning disorder of the cornea

These are other risk factors that may affect the outcome of your surgery:

• Large pupils. Younger people and people on some medicines may have large pupils in dim light. This can cause glare, halos, starbursts, and double vision after surgery. The symptoms may be severe enough to interfere with normal activities, such as driving.

• Thin corneas. Refractive surgery done on a cornea that is too thin may lead to blindness.

• Past refractive surgery. Talk with your healthcare provider if you've had RK, PRK, LASIK or another refractive procedure. Additional surgery may not be advised.

• Dry eyes. LASIK surgery can make this condition worse.

• Undercorrection or overcorrection can occur if too little or too much tissue is removed.

• Astigmatism can occur if an uneven amount of tissue is removed.

• Glares, halos, or double vision can result.

Finding a good surgeon

Only ophthalmologists are permitted to do LASIK. Ask your eye care provider or optometrist for a referral to an ophthalmologist who does LASIK. Or ask for a referral from an ophthalmologist who doesn't do refractive surgery. You can also visit the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) website, which offers a list of its members who do LASIK. About 19 out of 20 ophthalmologists are AAO members. Ask your surgeon the following questions:

• How long have you been doing LASIK surgery?

• How much experience do you have with the LASIK procedure?

• How do you define success? What's your success rate?

• How many and what types of complications have your patients had?

• What is your postsurgical infection rate?

• What is the chance for me (with my correction) to achieve 20/20 vision?

• How many of your patients have achieved 20/20 or 20/40 vision?

• How many patients return for enhancements?

• Which laser will you be using for my surgery?

• What's involved in after-surgery care?

If you are uncomfortable asking these questions, bring a friend or family member with you who will ask them for you. It is vital to your decision about surgery, and your safety, that you have this information.

Make sure your surgeon is using a laser approved by the FDA. The FDA has approved five lasers for LASIK. They are made by VISX, Summit, Bausch and Lomb, Nidek, and ATC.

Many people don't have 20/20 vision after surgery. But most are 20/40 or better. About 8% to 10% need an added procedure known as an enhancement. Some need eyeglasses or contact lenses to make up for overcorrection or undercorrection.

Possible complications

Possible complications include:

• Night glare

• Small gray or white spots in the cornea (corneal infiltrates)

• Ripples

• Infection

• Vision goes back to your original prescription (regression)

• Undercorrection

• Images are not clear or sharp (loss of visual acuity)

• Dry eyes

• Trouble fitting contact lenses for additional correction

• Need for retreatment

The complication rate is around 10%.

If you're a good candidate for a LASIK procedure, have realistic expectations, and choose the right surgeon, chances are very good that you will do well.